It plays an important role in monitoring deprotection in solid-phase peptide synthesis. When Ninhydrin gets in contact with those substances, it reacts with creating a blue violet-red brownish colorant which makes them visible. Save my name, email, and website in this browser for the next time I comment. Ninhydrin is an amino acid developing reagent that is applied by dipping, brushing or spraying. Instead, they produce color yellow. Ninhydrin is the most preferred chemical for the visualization of fingerprints on porous materials and paper as it reacts with the amino acids in the sweat left behind in a fingerprint. Then, use vortexing to mix. NIST- National Institute of Standards and Technology. The illustration portrays a positive ninhydrin test. This sequence causes more overall amino acid reactions, probably because IND-Zn aids in their release from the surface for the succeeding ninhydrin reaction. Holding the paper in a gloved hand, spray the paper with ninhydrin solution. Mix 1 ml of the ninhydrin-reagent with 5 ml solvent diluent to each tube. Both test tubes should be poured with a few drops of 2% ninhydrin. And also, Proline and hydroxyproline give a yellow spot upon reaction with Nihhydrin, This color difference is due to the lack of a primary amine that all of the other protein amino acids have. The procedure must be done in a chamber or in a secure location where the temperature is around 80F and around 80% humidity. (2015). ). In this test, ninhydrin (a chemical compound with the formula C9H6O4; IUPAC name: 2,2-dihydroxyindane-1,3-dione) is added to a test solution of the analyte. The resulting color is still blue or purple/violet with all amino acids with the exception of proline and hydroxyproline, which causes the color to turn yellow. The end product formed is similar to di-dehydrin. Because of the destabilising action of the neighbouring carbonyl groups, ninhydrin generates a stable hydrate of the central carbon, whereas most carbonyl compounds have a carbonyl form that is more solid and reliable than a product of water addition (hydrate). The marker for a positive ninhydrin test is a deep blue colouration obtained in the solution. For the construction of a standard curve, take a tube, marked as one blank that contains 1ml of pure distilled water. 0000003204 00000 n Now, the released ammonia further reacts with the ninhydrin giving rise to di-ketohydrin, which forms a coloured complex. It was originally used primarily to establish ownership or identity, since a fingerprint is effectively a forge-proof signature. In addition, some studies show that Ninhydrin acts as a strong stage 1 tumor promoter. Ninhydrin is a chemical that detects ammonia as well as amines (primary and secondary). Ninhydrin reacts not only reacts with -amino groups but also with nitrogen in ammonia and other free amines. Ninhydrin, in appearance, is a white-colored solid, which is soluble . >ALBUMIN 2. 0000001581 00000 n (3, 6, 9, and 10), Your email address will not be published. Ninhydrin - Visualizing of fingerprints Ninhydrin is a chemical compound which proves the presence of amino acids and specific proteins. It is often used by forensic investigators in the analysis of fingerprints on porous surfaces. If nitrogen is deprotected, the ninhydrin test turns blue. Vedantu LIVE Online Master Classes is an incredibly personalized tutoring platform for you, while you are staying at your home. This test is the result of the reaction of the amino group of the unbound amino acid with ninhydrin. Requested URL: byjus.com/chemistry/ninhydrin-test/, User-Agent: Mozilla/5.0 (Windows NT 6.1; Win64; x64) AppleWebKit/537.36 (KHTML, like Gecko) Chrome/103.0.0.0 Safari/537.36. Watch for any signs of changes in color blue or violet. Our humidified incubators are perfect for ninhydrin application processes. The amine is condensed with a molecule of ninhydrin to give a Schiff base, which is then used to make the ninhydrin chromophore (2-(1,3-dioxolan-2-yl amino in an-1,3-dione). 0000001603 00000 n The built in image enhancement can be applied for further analysis, and custom fit reports can be composed. I did a lab test on some of these. Ninhydrin is extremely flammable; therefore, investigators must use caution when using it. Iodine fuming is also used for developing prints on porous items, such as paper, cardboard, and raw wood. 4. carton, wall-paper, latex painted walls). Tubes 10-15 are for the unknown samples. After the publication of the Crown formulation in 1969, and others, it became the most widely used reagent on paper, cardboard, and some other porous materials such as raw smooth wood. Most amino acids hydrolyzed and react with ninhydrin with the exception of proline. Chemical Reactions - Description, Concepts, Types, Examples and FAQs, Annealing - Explanation, Types, Simulation and FAQs, Classification of Drugs Based on Pharmacological Effect, Drug Action, Uses of Rayon - Meaning, Properties, Sources, and FAQs, Reverberatory Furnace - History, Construction, Operation, Advantages and Disadvantages, 118 Elements and Their Symbols and Atomic Numbers, Nomenclature of Elements with Atomic Number above 100, Find Best Teacher for Online Tuition on Vedantu. If the fumer is aimed at a latent print, the iodine vapors will cause the prints to become temporarily visible. Pipette different amounts (10 ul, 20, ul, and so forth) of the protein solution in the provided stock solution into a series of test tubes. This reaction indicates the presence of amino acids, other amines and ammonia in the test sample. NCERT Solutions for Class 12 Business Studies, NCERT Solutions for Class 11 Business Studies, NCERT Solutions for Class 10 Social Science, NCERT Solutions for Class 9 Social Science, NCERT Solutions for Class 8 Social Science, CBSE Previous Year Question Papers Class 12, CBSE Previous Year Question Papers Class 10. It is effective because the terminal amines of a lysine residue in both proteins and peptides sloughed off in fingerprints and react with the said chemical. As the terminal amines of lysine residues in peptides and proteins sloughed off in fingerprints react with ninhydrin, it is most typically employed to identify fingerprints. Here ninhydrin acts as an oxidizing agent, and itself gets reduced. STR Invisorb spin forensicDNA,(LCN)STR,"502"STR These are ammonia (NH. Discoloration occurs when the amino acids react with ninhydrin. A solution suspected of containing the ammonium ion can be examined with ninhydrin by dotting it onto a solid support (such as silica gel); if the solution contains this species, treatment with ninhydrin should result in vivid purple colour. Secure .gov websites use HTTPS We have grown leaps and bounds to be the best Online Tuition Website in India with immensely talented Vedantu Master Teachers, from the most reputed institutions. Many bioanalytical procedures use ninhydrin, especially for amino acid analysis method. 0000004079 00000 n It is usually used by forensic investigators in the analysis of fingerprints on porous surfaces. The ninhydrin reaction is a qualitative analysis test of hydrocarbons. 0000008118 00000 n Ruhemann purpura is the name for the strong compound which is formed by ninhydrin. There are many methods of detecting fingerprints. To carry out the ninhydrin reaction, we will require ninhydrin reagent, test tubes, a carrier solvent such as ethanol, distilled water, spatula, a warm water bath and the test sample. Commentdocument.getElementById("comment").setAttribute("id","a969962ba22be427739691dfe4ad4324");document.getElementById("f0ed784c47").setAttribute("id","comment"); Save my name, email, and website in this browser for the next time I comment. Indane-1,2,3-trione hydrate can be considered to be ninhydrin. Lastly, ninhydrin is a helpful tool in geochronology, a special field of science that focuses on determining the age of fossils. Discuss the Mechanism of the Ninhydrin Reaction. The rest of the tubes 2-9 are for the construction of a standard curve. Fortunately, the application of heat and moisture can accelerate this process considerably. 1.5 Result and Interpretation of Ninhydrin Test. Prepare a standard curve for absorbance versus amino acid concentration. The ninhydrin reaction is essentially a redox reaction. A solution is prepared by mixing the ninhydrin powder with a suitable solvent like acetone or ethanol. The long-term stability of the test solutions is poor, especially if they are not kept cool. Ninhydrin solution is prepared by dissolving 0.2 g of ninhydrin per 10 ml of a carrier solvent such as alcohol or acetone. Ninhydrin is also the same chemical used to detect fingerprints. Fingerprints mainly consist of sweat residues and include proteins. The major drawback to these solvents is that they dissolve or run most inks. Experience how EVISCAN processes latent fingerprints on your desktop! Continue with Recommended Cookies, Home Practical Procedure Biochemical Test. In this reaction, ninhydrin acts as an oxidizing agent and causes the deamination and decarboxylation of the amino acids at an elevated temperature. . This test consists of a chemical reaction that determines whether a sample compound contains amines or alpha-amino acids. Share sensitive information only on official, secure websites. As the ninhydrin test is quite sensitive, it is commonly used to detect fingerprints. 0000020970 00000 n The absence of the complex in the tube represents a negative result and indicates the lack of amino acids in the sample. Now a 1% solution of the amino acid (analyte) in distilled water must be prepared. It is possible as the terminal amines of lysine residues in peptides and proteins shed off in fingerprints react with ninhydrin. Diluent solvent (for the quantitative test): Mix equal volumes of water and n-propanol. 0000021683 00000 n Explain What You Mean By Ninhydrin Test. The ninhydrin chemical test is used for determining whether an analyte contains any amines or amino acids. 2. Cool the tubes to room temp and compare the optical density of the solutions against a blank at 570 nm (440 Nm for proline or hydroxyproline). Plant Cell- Definition, Structure, Parts, Functions, Labeled Diagram, 22 Types of Spectroscopy with Definition, Principle, Steps, Uses, Animal Cell- Definition, Structure, Parts, Functions, Labeled Diagram, 37 Types of PCR with Definition, Principle, and Uses, 14 Types of Chromatography (Definition, Principle, Steps, Uses). The marker for a positive ninhydrin test is a deep blue colouration obtained in the solution. will the following give a positive test for nihydrin test Ninhydrin was proposed by Oden in the 1950s as a reagent for detecting fingermarks. If the color of the solution changes to a deep blue colouration, we have a positive ninhydrin test result. The strong compound formed by ninhydrin is called Ruhemann's purple. As a result of the EUs General Data Protection Regulation (GDPR). %%EOF 0000002292 00000 n Some amino acid chains degrade. This procedure should be done in a fume hood, to avoid breathing the fumes and the possi- Proline and hydroxyproline do not cause blue or violet discoloration. One such test is the ninhydrin test reaction. Therefore, the application of Ninhydrin plays an important role in the collection of evidence. The following are the steps we carry out to run the ninhydrin test: We begin with a 2% solution of ninhydrin which we prepare by dissolving 0.2g of ninhydrin per 10ml of a carrier solvent such as acetone or ethanol. We obtain a brown colour when we use asparagine as a reactant. Download our Microbiology Note app from play Store. Ninhydrin reagent: Dissolve 0.35g ninhydrin into 100 ml of ethanol (isopropanol or a 1:1 mixture of butanol/acetone may be substituted for ethanol). Air dry in hood. The strong compound formed by ninhydrin is called Ruhemanns purple. Fingerprints that had been developed by ninhydrin were further enhanced by processing with IND. Ruhemann's purple is a deep blue or purple colour that is a consequence due to the interaction between interacting with these free amines. The main reactant in this process is ninhydrin, which is a hydrocarbon with the formula C9H6O4. 0000002591 00000 n A treatment with ninhydrin would result in dramatic purple color. >CASSEINE HYDROLYSYLASE. startxref In this lab session, we'll use ninhydrin solution to develop both untreated latent prints and prints that have already been processed by iodine fuming. 0000012813 00000 n Another method involves blowing iodine crystals through a specialized glass tube (called a fumer) that vaporizes the crystals. Amino acids a can cause discoloration ranging from blue to purple, while secondary amines such as proline can produce yellow to orange discoloration. In the absence of acetone, you can use ethanol. In both the test tubes, add 1 ml of standard protein solution and 1 ml of test solution. This part react with the ninhydrin and forms a color compound. This test is essentially meant to verify the presence of an amino group in the given test sample. Therefore, a separate analysis is needed to identify amino acids that may react or not react with ninhydrin. To this, we add a few drops of our ninhydrin solution. This test consists of a chemical reaction that determines whether a sample compound contains amines or alpha-amino acids. When Ninhydrin gets in contact with those substances, it reacts with creating a blue violet-red brownish colorant which makes them visible. This reaction indicates the presence of amino acids, other amines and ammonia in the test sample. One of these is ninhydrin. 0000001999 00000 n In this reaction, two gasses get released. It is used in the analysis of amino acid in proteins. Ninhydrin is a chemical powder that is soluble in ethanol or acetone at room temperature. It is used to detect ammonia and amines. This mixture is applied to the relevant spots. 1.4.2 For quantitative analysis. Download App. Because of the steric hindrance, the Ninhydrin test cannot detect high molecular-weight proteins. Ninhydrin is the most well known and most used reagent for visualization of fingerprints on paper and other porous materials (e.g. This assay is based on the fact that two molecules of ninhydrin (2, 2- dihydroxyindane-1, 3-dione) react with a free alpha-amino acid to produce a deep purple or blue color known as Ruhemanns purple. To accelerate the reaction, the object containing the print can be heated to 80 to 100 degrees Fahrenheit. Ninhydrin test is used by SSDs for residual protection detection on re-usable surgical instruments. We and our partners use data for Personalised ads and content, ad and content measurement, audience insights and product development. The compound reacts with the amino acid (eccrine) component of the fingerprint deposit to give a dark purple product known as Ruhemann's purple (Figure 4 ). This coloured complex is what we call Ruhemann's purple, and this gives our solution the deep blue colouration. The series of videos aims to spark an interest and inspire enthusiasm in chemistry - a scientific discipline that plays a vital part in every aspect of our lives.Playlist: https://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PLH1M6iHMmRl4xtPyrC4yRr0EU2rCF9Q8GTo learn more about the project and to become involved, visit: www.raci.org.au/raci-news/100 How is a ninhydrin solution used during forensics? We provide you year-long structured coaching classes for CBSE and ICSE Board & JEE and NEET entrance exam preparation at affordable tuition fees, with an exclusive session for clearing doubts, ensuring that neither you nor the topics remain unattended. Ninhydrin is also essential in forensic science and a material used in organic synthesis. Hence, making the fingerprint visible. The beginning of this manual is a list of processes and procedures for different surface types. If nitrogen is deprotected, the ninhydrin test turns blue. Test solution which consists of 1% proline, alanine, and asparagines. Place the test tubes in the water bath for 5 minutes and then allow cooling to room temperature. >LEUCINE Appended are an equipment list, chemicals, useful addresses, and eight bibliographic listings. This test is also used in solid-phase peptide synthesis to monitor the protection for amino acid analysis of proteins. This test is also used in solid-phase peptide synthesis to monitor the protection for amino acid analysis of proteins. It reacts with the amino group of the compound, leading to delamination. A 0.2 gm of ninhydrin should be dissolved in 10 ml of acetone. The Ninhydrin test is not effective to detect high molecular weight proteins as the steric hindrance limits the ninhydrin from reaching the -amino groups. By IUPAC nomenclature standards, ninhydrin is also called 2,2-di-hydroxyindane-1,3-dione. Your email address will not be published. Ninhydrin is the most preferred chemical for the visualization of fingerprints on porous materials and paper as it reacts with the amino acids in the sweat left behind in a fingerprint. The ninhydrin testing can be used for quantitative and qualitative purposes, i.e. 3. He observed the reaction of ninhydrin to an amino acid. It was in 1954 when two investigators; Oden and von Hofsten proposed the use of ninhydrin in the development of latent fingerprints. By IUPAC nomenclature standards, ninhydrin is also called 2,2-di-hydroxyindane-1,3-dione. Explain the Procedure of Carrying Out the Ninhydrin Reaction. 4. Organic chemistry consists of several tests for qualitative analysis of the compounds. 0000006482 00000 n A fingermark that contains amino acid is treated with ninhydrin solution, which results in a purple amino acid finger ridge pattern. (Courtesy of NFSTC) Picture Source:encrypted-tbn0.gstatic.com. Most amino acids are hydrolyzed and react with ninhydrin with the exception of proline. The main reactant in this process is ninhydrin, which is a hydrocarbon with the formula C. . What are the requirements for the ninhydrin test? (6, 7, and 8). Evidence known to be last touched at least one year previously was processed with IND with strong. This process results in the release of two gaseous products, namely, ammonia and carbon dioxide. The one in the left is negative while the other on the right is positive as seen in the purplish/bluish discoloration. Ninhydrin has been used since the 1950's to develop finperprints. Usually, if any fingerprints are present, the silver metal is preferentially deposited on them; they develop as dark gray images on a lighter background. In this reaction, two gasses get released. The reaction causes the production of an intense purple dye called Ruhemanns purple (see the above image for an example). The detergent prevents the premature deposition of silver metal. An example of data being processed may be a unique identifier stored in a cookie. It was discovered by a German-English chemist Siefried Ruhemann in 1910. A fingermark that contains amino acid is treated with ninhydrin solution, which results in a purple amino acid finger ridge pattern. Pipette different amounts (10 ul, 20, ul, and so forth) of the protein solution in the . The amino acids in the sweat secretions that collect on the distinctive ridges of the finger transmit to surfaces that are touched. Ninhydrin is a chemical powder that is soluble in ethanol or acetone at room temperature. You can also order research peptides from licensed stores that offer premium-quality products for your research whenever you require them. Its presence causes the amino acid to go through oxidative deamination liberating ammonia and reduces the formation of ninhydrin. When a solution of ninhydrin is applied to fingerprints (usually via a simple spray bottle), the ninhydrin reacts with the amino acids that are present in fingerprint residue. 3% https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ninhydrin. Sandridge, St Albans, Hertfordshire AL4 9HQ England, United Kingdom, Box 6000, Dept F, Rockville, MD 20849, United States. 0000028655 00000 n She is particularly interested in studies regarding antibiotic resistance with a focus on drug discovery. Development is catalyzed by the addition of steam and heat through the use of a humidity chamber. For the former, create some fresh fingerprint specimens using the procedure described in the preceding lab session. Also, unprocessed ninhydrin stays on the exhibit, which might cause new fingerprints in case of careless handling, which are only seen days later. Next, we prepare a 1% solution of the test compound using distilled water. >GELATIN This frequently adopted process requires a 2% solution of Ninhydrin mixed with an organic solvent (usually acetone) and further supplements, like acetic acid. Ninhydrin may be used as a blood enhancment technique. Our chambers are available with a wide range of accessories allowing them to be customized to specific needs. To detect the presence of amines and amino groups in the test solution. Ninhydrin is the preferred chemical for visualizing fingerprints on porous materials and papers, as it reacts with the sweat-retained amino acids. 0 Id. Cap the tubes and place them in an incubator at 90degC for 17 minutes or in a hot boiling water bath for 20 min. This reaction is then followed by condensation between the reduced ninhydrin molecules, released ammonia, and the second molecule of ninhydrin. The simplest Ninhydrin solution to prepare is made by pouring 25 grams of Ninhydrin crystals into a gallon (or 4 liters) of solvent. The steps to carry out the reaction are as follows: We prepare a 2% solution of ninhydrin using a carrier solvent such as acetone or ethanol. Also included are processing sequences that specifically involve prints that are left in blood. The C-terminus of the chain is connected to the solid support, whereas the N-terminus extends away from it. Anupama Sapkota has a bachelors degree (B.Sc.) Silver nitrate can also be used to detect prints; when applied to paper with distilled water any existing prints will turn black. The reagent can also be employed in thin layer chromatography (TLC) to analyse a chemical reaction (usually 0.2 per cent solution in either n-butanol or ethanol). If you would like to change your settings or withdraw consent at any time, the link to do so is in our privacy policy accessible from our home page.. When we add drops of the ninhydrin solution to the given test sample, the ninhydrin acts as an oxidizing agent. On obtaining a positive ninhydrin test result, we get a blue colouration which we call Ruhemann's purple. Next, we prepare a solution of the given test compound using distilled water. Ninhydrin test is used to detect the presence of amino acids in unknown samples. Required fields are marked *. When the surface is exposed to ninhydrin, the amino acids are converted into visibly coloured products, revealing the print. The test is performed as a result of the reaction between the amino group of free amino acid and ninhydrin. Our incubators use ultrasonic humidity generators, which run on normal tap water and can be fed from a reservoir on top of the chamber or plumbed to a water line. 2. It is helpful in monitoring deprotection in solid phase peptide synthesis. Territories Financial Support Center (TFSC), Tribal Financial Management Center (TFMC). There are various improvements in the use of ninhydrin to check and analyze various chemical compounds, foods, tissues, and drug of interest. Similarly, proteins with a free amind group like asparagine, react with the ninhydrin reagent to form a brown colored product. In this article, we will discuss the ninhydrin test reaction in detail. DFO (1,2-diazafluoren-9-one) is another chemical used to locate latent fingerprints on porous surfaces; it causes fingerprints to fluoresce, or glow, when they are illuminated by blue-green light. 5. A ninhydrin test is a quick procedure that can be done in just a few minutes. Ninhydrin reacts with the -amino group of primary amino acids producing Ruhemanns purple. Among these methods are ninhydrin and sticky side powder. Q. To distinguish between amino acids and carbohydrates. A. One argument is its higher total cost of processing when compared to other latent print treatments. Most amino acids hydrolyzed and react with ninhydrin with the exception of proline. Some amino acid chains degrade. To view the purposes they believe they have legitimate interest for, or to object to this data processing use the vendor list link below. The main reactant in this process is ninhydrin, which is a hydrocarbon with the formula C9H6O4. To quantify the amino acids present in the sample. Fingerprint Enhancing Methods Chada Marshall Criminal Justice, Post University CRJ213: Fingerprinting Professor . This process is the ninhydrin test mechanism. Ninhydrin is a chemical compound which proves the presence of amino acids and specific proteins. Amino acids react with ninhydrin, which results in discoloration. -amino group is responsible for the color development in a ninhydrin test. LockA locked padlock If nitrogen is deprotected, the ninhydrin test turns blue. However, some amino acids like proline and hydroxyproline do not lead to the production of blue or purple substances. The chemical processes involved are quite complex . Save my name, email, and website in this browser for the next time I comment. We let the test tube rest for a few minutes in a water bath at a slightly higher temperature. Image 3: The test tubes reveals a positive ninhydrin test. When the chemical contacts the fat, it turns the print a brownish color. %PDF-1.7 % A treatment with ninhydrin would result in dramatic purple color. In this article, we will discuss the ninhydrin test reaction in detail. Tubes 10 to 15 are for unknown samples. The Ninhydrin test is not effective to detect high molecular weight proteins as the steric hindrance limits the ninhydrin from reaching the -amino groups. The directions are specific and should be followed step by step to achieve the desired . It is usually used by forensic investigators in the analysis of fingerprints on porous surfaces. This reagent acts as an oxidizing agent for compounds containing an amino group. When a solution of ninhydrin is applied to fingerprints (usually via a simple spray bottle), the ninhydrin reacts with the amino acids that are present in fingerprint residue. A finger mark containing amino acids is treated with a ninhydrin solution, which results in a purple amino acid finger crest pattern. The compound reacts with the amino acid (eccrine) component of the fingerprint deposit to give a dark purple product known as Ruhemann's purple (Figure 4).The chemical processes involved are quite complex and development conditions, such as temperature . This report describes the technique for using a reagent called a physical developer to use subsequent to the application of ninhydrin where ninhydrin has failed to produce useful fingerprints on paper. The strongly colored compound that is then formed is called Ruhemann purple. Mackenzie de la Hunty (University of Technology Sydney) demonstrates the reagent ninhydrin and its use to stain fingerprints through a chemical reaction.100 Reactions for RACI100 is a project launched by the Royal Australian Chemical Institute (RACI) in celebration of the Institute's centenary (#RACI100) in 2017. 0000006050 00000 n The ninhydrin reaction mechanism is essentially an oxidation and reduction reaction process. endobj Besides the gasses, we obtain an aldehyde and hydrindantin, which is formed by the reduction of ninhydrin. We transfer the test solution to a test tube, and to this, we add a few drops of the ninhydrin solution. #022: Ninhydrin Development of Fingerprints RACInational 2.06K subscribers Subscribe 62K views 5 years ago Mackenzie de la Hunty (University of Technology Sydney) demonstrates the reagent. 0000026570 00000 n The product of this blue violet reaction was described by Ruhemann in 1911 for the first time. The solution is applied to the suspected surface by spraying prints that begin to appear within an hour . The intensity of the formed complex is proportional to the concentration of amino acids in the solution. To determine the amount of amino acids in the sample. (1, 2, 3, and 4). A treatment with ninhydrin would result in a dramatic purple color. Amino acids react with ninhydrin, which results in discoloration. Some amino acids, such as proline or hydroxyproline, do not produce blue or purple substances. We and our partners use cookies to Store and/or access information on a device. In solid-phase peptide synthesis, ninhydrin can also be employed to monitor deprotection (Kaiser test). An equivalent number of the test solution and distilled water, both 1 ml is put in a dry test tube. document.getElementById( "ak_js_1" ).setAttribute( "value", ( new Date() ).getTime() ); 2022 LaboratoryInfo.com. Furthermore, it has various toxic effects on mammals. 0000005607 00000 n The other fingerprint enhancing method is . D. Take two test tubes in a test tube stand and mark them as S (standard protein solution) and T (test sample). Print developed with Ninhydrin Apply Ninydrin: Ninhydrin is flammable and harmful; follow proper safety procedures.
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