Choose the vocabulary word that answers each riddle. In the sense means to merge styles together. You ensemble intimate style of Dixieland jazz into a harder-edged full band sound. Miller went in debt to start his band but was a millionaire within two years. in Blue (1925). The focus shifted away from the arranger and toward the improvising performer. This lineup was typical of swing era bands. Art-music composer/conductor Leonard As swing developed, the second player became responsible for most of the jazz solos. A big band typically consists of approximately 12 to 25 musicians and contains saxophones, trumpets, trombones, and a rhythm section. Many bands featured strong instrumentalists whose sounds dominated, such as the clarinets of Benny Goodman and Artie Shaw, the trombone of Jack Teagarden, the trumpet of Harry James, the drums of Gene Krupa, and the vibes of Lionel Hampton. Later, a fifth bass trombone was often added. Jazz Big Band Arrangements. The composer writes original music that will be performed by individuals or groups of various sizes, while the arranger adapts the work of composers in a creative way for a performance or recording. Good Morning Blues: The Autobiography of Count Basie. and His Mother Called Him Bill, featured "Blood Count" and "Lotus Blossom," was a tribute album to . "walking bass" accompaniment, - Harmony The string bass replaced the tuba and the guitar replaced the banjo. listeners to love jazz.. The better jazz musicians of swing bands would form swing combos within most large bands. ways. Air blown into the tube of the saxophone reverberates as it hits the brass tubing. The term "big band" is also used to describe a genre of music, although this was not the only style of music played by big bands. (Change the second verb to the future progressive form.). [37] As jazz migrated from its New Orleans origin to Chicago and New York City, energetic, suggestive dances traveled with it. Please change your browser preferences to enable javascript, and reload this page. Yet, as woodwind-style instruments, they also feature a wide range of available notes and pitches. 1570 0 obj
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Saxophones also feature a number of keys built into the main section of the tube; these keys can change the pitch or note being played. ELLINGTON and William "Count" In the 1940s, an intensely virtuosic and Durham, NC: Duke University Press, 2000. "C" Jam Blues (1942). of many things they must think about while they are playing. (optional) Select some text on the page (or do this before you open the "Notes" drawer). Many swing-era compositions were written by professional songwriters employed by song publishing companies. In the 1950s, Stan Kenton referred to his band's music as "progressive jazz", "modern", and "new music". performing at the same time. They were knowledgeable and often biased toward their favorite bands and songs, and sometimes worshipful of famous soloists and vocalists. Fletcher Henderson and Don Redman are credited with having created the formula for swing arrangements. The rhythm section would typically include piano, string bass, drum set, with occasional additions of guitar or other chordal/melody instruments. The bands led by Helen Lewis, Ben Bernie, and Roger Wolfe Kahn's band were filmed by Lee de Forest in his Phonofilm sound-on-film process in 1925, in three short films which are in the Library of Congress film collection. (called a "chorus"). Boyd Raeburn drew from symphony orchestras by adding flute, French horn, strings, and timpani to his band. The swing era represented the pinnacle of jazzs popularity. In the early 1970s, Miles Davis began exploring hmk6^/,$mA% 1. - trombones The invention of ______ helped the record industry to recover in the mid-1930s. This pattern reinforced the second and fourth beat of every measure and later became known as a back beat. Additionally, the drummer accommodated the improvisations of soloists, providing a non-intrusive, laid-back swing pattern. collectively . The latter included blues, ballads, novelty songs, and Broadway tunes. Their styles are uniquely different, yet both helped shape the definition of the pure jazz singer. clarinetist Benny GOODMAN and The major "black" bands of the 1930s included, apart from Ellington's, Hines's and Calloway's, those of Jimmie Lunceford, Chick Webb, and Count Basie. Hot Swing (people like Duke Ellington) was more daring, experimental, faster, with longer improvisations, stronger rhythmic drive, and a rough blues feeling. :vQxc!#\JK?1UshqkF~[!eO W,{(HBjkps~'O;5lR. Company" vocal jazz ensemble performing a the Lincoln Center in New York [14][12][13] [15][16][17][18], Twenty-first century big bands can be considerably larger than their predecessors, exceeding 20 players, with some European bands using 29 instruments and some reaching 50. and Ph. creating a style known as "Dixieland" Jazz or Lead players (alto sax 1, trombone 1 and trumpet 1) should be in the middle of their sections, in a direct line with one another. The jazz musician relies on three basic elements of the song to develop '20s," "HOT" JAZZ The instrumental lineup of a big band will vary from ensemble to ensemble, but is typically composed of around 17 musicians, divided into four sections: five saxophones; four trombones; four trumpets; a rhythm section of piano, double bass and drums; Common additions might include guitar, french horn, tuba or a vocalist. [31] A head arrangement is a piece of music that is formed by band members during rehearsal. For the trumpet and trombone players, the most common configuration is 2-1-3-4, from the director's . here to see a YouTube video on "swing" groove vs. other types of There was a considerable range of styles among the hundreds of popular bands. George GERSHWIN (1898-1937): Rhapsody techniques (from native African musical tradition in which a leader does a performers such Louis ARMSTRONG completed the transition from note-for-note. Glenn Miller (19041944) was a brilliant arranger, an outstanding businessman, and a fine trombone player. is a Professor Emeritus in the Departments of Black Studies and History, and former Chair of Black Studies and Asian American Studies at the University of California, Santa Barbara. They danced to recordings and the radio and attended live concerts. Steve Zegree; sax: Trent Kynaston; bass: Tom Knific; drums: Tim Froncek). Many of the great swing bands broke up, as the times and tastes changed. American sound has fascinated listeners, performers and composers around the Swing grew out of New Orleans Jazz and the evolved into Bebop. improvised solo structure on the choruses: (1) piano--Ellington), (2) jazz Beacon, 2006. DoZjyk]Z^0])*6`pje?NG.s#n1[Mgv,3/W5k'(?_pq,JZ7jaF:m(YTm7RhoQ>luNRjY%- I)
Unlike the vague term 'orchestra', writing for a big band is a little more specific with regards to the instruments and number of players at your disposal.
In Kansas City, Bennie Motens and Count Basies bands had begun developing a looser type of big band arrangement that allowed for freer styles of soloing, giving rise to a unique Kansas City swing style in the 1930s. trumpet. here to see a YouTube clip on jazz improvisation, click here to see animated The most prominent features of big band swing were the use of written arrangements and improvised solos, repetitive horn riffs, call and response between the brass and reed sections, and a rhythmic drive derived from walking and/or boogie-woogie type bass lines. Beginning in the mid-1920s, big bands, then typically consisting of 10-25 pieces, came to dominate popular music. From Whiteman was educated in classical music, and he called his new band's music symphonic jazz. Some listeners feel that all swing bands sound alike but bandleaders wanted to be distinguished. Swing was hugely popular in fact, it was the pop music of the 1930s. He was also a band leader and arranger who traveled throughout Europe and Japan during the 1950s and 1960s. Lester Leaps In: The Life and Times of Lester Pres Young. Traveling conditions and lodging were difficult, in part due to segregation in most parts of the United States, and the personnel often had to perform having had little sleep and food. However, jazz continued its artistic evolution as swing became established around 1929. 1U^
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1920s as a blending of blues, ragtime, and civic brass band traditions, then this art form--a unique blending of West African and Western European/American Swing Shift: All Girl Bands of the 1940s. Since keyboards are essentially advanced incarnations of pianos, they can be used to quietly accompany the rhythm section of a swing band or to play a quiet harmony. New York: Oxford University Press, 1991. the jukebox The popular appeal of Benny Goodman's Trio and Quartet had a good deal to do with the extroverted energy of Lionel Hampton and Gene Krupa [20] Arrangers frequently notate all or most of the score of a given number, usually referred to as a "chart". Count Basie's saxophone section included. Fletcher Henderson's career started when he was persuaded to audition for a job at Club Alabam in New York City, which eventually turned into a job as bandleader at the Roseland Ballroom. However, some of the major artists, such as Ellington and Basie, provided much of the music for their orchestras themselves. Kansas City, in particular, became a wide-open town totally ingrained in the entertainment business. Foremost, they accentuated the movement of choreographed dancers. Drummer Chick Webb (19091939) was admired for his forceful sense of swing, accurate technique, control of dynamics, and use of breaks and fills. It was mostly performed by Big Bands, which were large orchestras divided into trumpets, saxophones, trombones, and a rhythm section (which consisted of the drums, bass, guitar and piano). Guitar, Organ, Banjo), - One or more solo She led her Swingphony while playing marimba. Very important to the development of the Swing Bands were the role of the composer/arranger and the excellent stylizations of musicians. A distinction is often made between so-called "hard bands", such as those of Count Basie and Tommy Dorsey, which emphasized quick hard-driving jump tunes, and "sweet bands", such as the Glenn Miller Orchestra and the Shep Fields Rippling Rhythm Orchestra,[41][42]. (adsbygoogle = window.adsbygoogle || []).push({});
. YouTube clip with basic piano chords). [22] Some bandleaders, such as Guy Lombardo, performed works composed by others (in Lombardo's case, often by his brother Carmen),[23] while others, such as Maria Schneider, take on all three roles. here to see a YouTube video on "swing" groove vs. other types of How relevant do you believe the poem is today? (, : This can be best described as "composing and Ella Fitzgerald, the featured vocalist of Chick Webbs Orchestra during the late 1930s, is considered to be one of the most outstanding singers of the swing era. Jazz Appreciation ICQ (In-Class Quiz) #6 Hearing The Difference: Bebop and Swing - know the three major aural differences between these two eras The Swing Era: The Players and The Features - know names of artists; lists of features-Societal features Jazz's most popular eradominated the mainstream of American popular music Purpose of music primarily for dancing Millions of records sold . initiated by a 4-measure lead-in improvised over a "C" chord serene style of "cool jazz" became the rage on the west coast. Since the 1920s, Jazz - the tuba was replaced the string bass - the banjo was replaced the guitar - (a&c on test) is exactly what the jazz musician does to keep track of the blues formone harmony, structure and instrumentation. [1], Duke Ellington led his band at the Cotton Club in Harlem. As purely instrumental jazz The trumpet section included four trumpets; the first was responsible for the highest notes. 3 4 5 6 7 8, - [52], Schuller, Gunther. While the trumpet is commonly featured in a swing band, a saxophone is also often used to enhance melodies. trombonist Glenn MILLER incorporated II. 2. Trumpets feature a hollow brass tube that is doubles back on itself twice. And they played dance music. As a result of the military draft and transportation hardships in the U.S., the swing era ended quickly. trombone. [24] In many cases, however, the distinction between these roles can become blurred. Bluesy feel (often using a 12 Bar Blues structure), Songs that were based and structured around riffs. the late 1930s through the 1950s, Duke Ellington was one of the premier swing band The Classic Swing Band from Dallas uses this very instrument in every show!! Which of the following changes occurred in the rhythm section during the 1930s? Perhaps it started with the habanera in Mortons early compositions, and in the bridge of W. C. Handys St. As in midwestern cities, African American migrants transformed New York City in the first half of the 20th century. Theyre noticeable, but not overwhelming. premiered George GERSHWIN's Rhapsody in Blue and kicked off an The popular appeal of Benny Goodman's Trio and Quartet had a good deal to do with the extroverted energy of. The most prominent features of big band swing were the use of written arrangements and improvised solos, repetitive horn riffs, call and response between the brass and reed sections, and a rhythmic drive derived from walking and/or boogie-woogie type bass lines. Other female bands were led by trumpeter B. Starting in the early 1900s, various jazz and traditions have until you reach innovators include pianist Dave BRUBECK instruments (Saxophone, trumpet, clarinet, trombone, flute, vibraphone, etc.). [30], Some big ensembles, like King Oliver's, played music that was half-arranged, half-improvised, often relying on head arrangements. Improvisation: This can be best described as "composing and [47] In Kansas City and across the Southwest, an earthier, bluesier style was developed by such bandleaders as Bennie Moten and, later, by Jay McShann and Jesse Stone. Although many of these bands maintain a close tie to the swinging style of the Basie and Herman bands, others exhibit a new and very individualized style. Most swing was performed by Big Bands, which were literally big bands, divided into trumpets, saxophones, trombones, and a rhythm section consisting mostly of drums, bass, guitar, and piano. The Glenn Miller band was one of the most popular bands of the Swing Era. Apart from the star soloists, many musicians received low wages and would abandon the tour if bookings disappeared. Count Basies music contains lively rhythms, economic piano style, and a relaxed swing sound. of the most creative composers in the history of jazz, particularly renowned has complex syncopated polyrhythms, (3) expressive "blue" (bent * In the early years of Jazz, and up until the Swing Era, the piano was still very much rooted in the rhythm section of the band. This form maintains the same chord Swing was almost entirely commercial and part of the mass entertainment industry. a) Henderson's big band comprises five brass instruments (three trumpets and two trombones), four reed instruments (saxophones and clarinets), and a rhythm section consisting of piano, bass, Jazz began in New Orleans in the In swing, the saxophone was usually featured as the leading instrumental soloist. Williams is considered one of the great jazz pianists and one of the greatest performers from Kansas City. They can be used to produce a melody or harmony for nearly every musical style. by Charlie Parker and Dizzy Gillespie. can keep track of this form by counting to 4 twelve times ("1 2 3 4", "2 2 3 4", "3 2 3 4", "4 2 3 4", "5 2 3 4", etc. And after years of economic depression, many Americans wanted to have fun. While drum sets are typically used for this important task in swing music, single drums can also do the trick if theyre played with precision. The moral? That makes them the shrimp or Andouille sausage in the Gumbo that is swing music. Bob Hope, Shep Fields and The Rippling Rhythm Revue", Photograph of Bob Hope as master of ceremonies on the "Rippling Rhythm Revue" Show in 1937 on Gettyimages, State University of New York, Fredonia. It began as an intensified rhythmic outgrowth of the black Rhythm & His efforts helped make it possible for jazz musicians to earn a decent wage. In 1925, bandleader Paul Whiteman emerged as piano was added to the rhythm section, and a stronger driving rhythm During the swing era, popular, blues, and jazz vocalists were essential to big band performances. By the end of the war, swing was giving way to less danceable music, such as bebop. Performers played, sang, danced, and presented shows and stand-up comedy in these large entertainment venues. the 1930s, famed jazz pianists Edward "Duke" KC Jazz marked the transition from the heavily structured, arranged and written out Big Band style of Swing to the more fluid and improvisation style of Bebop. They established independent patterns for the trumpets, trombones, saxophones, and the rhythm section within segments of the arrangement that featured improvised solos. ,r,el1)PrPer{mN,cq+W!yJn?@}gU-+GACIuyrPgnpQCZ76il9%0A9b
vr, Q&L Sc3oX *{{toV He was also one Count Basie played a relaxed, propulsive swing, Bob Crosby (brother of Bing), more of a dixieland style,[39] Benny Goodman a hard driving swing, and Duke Ellington's compositions were varied and sophisticated. Young, who also studied violin, trumpet and drums, displayed an excellent sense of melody in his lyrical soloing. Until the political climate changes in Chile, Allende will write from her current home in Compared to Dixieland bands, swing bands used two or three times as many players and produced a fuller sound. [29], An arrangement's first chorus is sometimes preceded by an introduction, which may be as short as a few measures or may extend to a chorus of its own. John Coltrane's "hard bop" of world. By the late 1930s, prosperity was returning, and records and radio were extremely helpful in publicizing jazz. The trumpeter blows on the mouthpiece at one end of the trumpet with closed lips, and the sound wave reverberates through the tube until it exits out the widened far end of the instrument. In the mid-1930s, he was the featured soloist in the Basie Orchestra. - Music is My Mistress. L6G9MTRv&hVSOC9Y)~06CW)j#8qE#C?YOK%d\SC9IT~U {J;F\m`F># Although For the sentence below, write prepositional phrase and underline the preposition. Among other popular singers of the era are Sarah Vaughan and Helen Humes. Figure 3: WMU's "Gold [32] They experiment, often with one player coming up with a simple musical figure leading to development within the same section and then further expansion by other sections, with the entire band then memorizing the way they are going to perform the piece, without writing it on sheet music. Cool Jazz grooves), - In the mid-1930s and early 1940s, It served to distract people from the daily grind of reality. interacts with the bass and drums, and how the beat is divided up in complex 3. "Duke" ELLINGTON Swing bands adopted a consistent instrumentation of four sections that remained fairly stable. shows the development of the main jazz styles in relation to other aspects of CROSBY, Frank SINATRA, and Doris DAY, who blossomed as featured vocalists with prominent bands Three bypass valves over the tube can be used to lower the pitch of the trumpet. highly improvisatory style called Bebop, A. Rolfe, Anna Mae Winburn, and Ina Ray Hutton.[35]. The Glenn Miller Band worked the best jobs and recorded often. Swing band music was organized in homophonywhere two or more instruments played similar or complementary lines. premiered. an improvisation: melody, harmony, and form. It was all about showmanship which is epitomised by people like Cab Calloway and Fats Waller. Duke Ellington wrote a song in 1931 titled It Dont Mean a Thing (If It Aint Got That Swing), and for a generation of music lovers those were words to live by. Figure 1: The Western Jazz Quartet (piano: D. in History from the University of California, Berkeley.
Bridging the gap to white audiences in the mid-1930s was the Casa Loma Orchestra and Benny Goodman's early band. early style of "Hot Jazz" made its way north to Chicago and east to All the big bands would go up there. In addition, Miller had a radio program and made motion pictures. Benny Goodman (19091986) was a superior clarinetist who began appearing on stage by the age of twelve. A. [48][49][50] Big band remotes on the major radio networks spread the music from ballrooms and clubs across the country during the 1930s and 1940s, with remote broadcasts from jazz clubs continuing into the 1950s on NBC's Monitor.
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